What Are Hepatitis B and C
Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) are viral infections that affect the liver. Both are classified as blood-borne and sexually transmitted infections in Canada's public health framework. They can be transmitted through sexual contact, sharing needles or drug preparation equipment, and contact with infected blood.
Hepatitis B — Prevention and Vaccination
Hepatitis B can be prevented through vaccination. Canada has publicly funded hepatitis B vaccination programs — eligibility and schedules vary by province and territory. Adults who have not been vaccinated and have risk factors should ask a healthcare provider about their options. The vaccine is highly effective.
Hepatitis C — Testing and Availability of Treatment
There is no vaccine for hepatitis C. Highly effective treatments for HCV exist and are available in Canada. Many people with hepatitis C have no noticeable symptoms for years, making testing particularly important for those with risk factors.
How Testing Works in Canada
Testing for hepatitis B and C involves a blood test. Testing is available through sexual health clinics, community health centres, and family doctors. In most provinces, testing is covered under provincial health insurance. Confidential and anonymous testing options are available in many areas — check with your local sexual health clinic.
Risk Factors
Risk factors include: unprotected sex with an infected partner; sharing needles or drug preparation equipment; receiving a blood transfusion or organ transplant before 1992 in Canada; and being born in or having a parent from a region where hepatitis B or C is prevalent. This is general information — discuss your personal risk with a healthcare provider.
LGBTQ+ Context
Gay and bi men who have sex with men may have specific hepatitis B risk factors. Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for this group by Canadian public health authorities. For LGBTQ+ specific sexual health information and resources, see our LGBTQ+ Sexual Health in Canada guide.